Action Surge only gives you an additional action for the turn. Casting a Bonus Action Spell would lock off both the standard and additional action from being able to cast a leveled spell.
So, 2 Cantrips + a BA spell works.
2 leveled spells as actions works, but no BA spell even if it's a Cantrip.
You need the action surge to cast 2 leveled spells.
Quickened spell changes a spell to a Bonus Action, but doesn't remove the Action Cantrips only limitation of casting a BA spell