Maltodextrin
Very common in EU processed foods. We produce it ourselves when breaking down starches in the stomach.
Inverted sugar syrup
Is what you get when you take sugar, any acid, add gentle heat, and wait a while, though the industry uses enzymes instead of acid (it's just easier). Splits up the sucrose into equal parts glucose and fructose which would happen in the stomach, anyway. Equivalent to sugar nutrition-wise, but doesn't crystallise. In the days of ole, sugar bakers would produce it from sugar and cream of tartar (i.e. acid from grapes). Not to be confused with high-fructose corn syrup which is fructose-heavy and thus loads up your liver more than ordinary sugar.
Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
Are part of our fat metabolism, and get produced during ordinary food preparation. Used as emulsifiers.
corn starch
Is... corn starch? Corn is a quite starchy plant. Take a kernel, remove the yellow shell, grind up the rest. Corn starch is to corn flour what white flour is to whole-grain flour.
Not terribly common over here you usually see potato starch but it's basically the same in function and nutrition.
high fructose syrup
Yeah don't. We're not built to sustain high-fructose diets. In nature only fruit have that kind of nutritional makeup and they're only available during part of the year and precisely at the point where you want to increase your fat storages because it's summer and you're eating for winter. All fructose goes directly to fat storage, we can't use it directly.
Don't get me wrong I'm highly critical of processed foods but your evil list is quite harmless, it's within the range of what you can produce in your own kitchen. Stuff legal in the US but not here is stuff like bromated vegetable oil.