Somewhat self promoting for the first two of these items as I'm directly involved. Leaving out the more obvious ones (Linux distro etc.) as they will have been mentioned. I'll stick to some of the less known things I use.
Termux
Holy hell. So much it can do. Right now I am using it to transcode MPEG2 videos to AV1. With CRF 25, Preset 5, with a 480p30 video I get 5fps in Termux on my older Snapdragon 860. Meanwhile my laptop's Ryzen 3 3200U does 2fps.
You can run different server applications. Some are supported natively (e.g.: Tinyproxy, Privoxy, Squid HTTP proxy, apache2, nginx, navidrome, OpenSSH, TigerVNC, rsync, xorg-server, xwayland, xrdp,...) and some can run in proot (e.g.: Jellyfin, NextCloud). If you already have some web server and want it public, there's cloudflared too, so you can access it via Cloudflare tunnel.
RTL-SDR driver
Allows connecting RTL-SDR on Android and starting RTL-TCP server.
SDR++
The best general-purpose SDR app available on Android, GNU+Linux, Windows and MacOS.
KDE Connect
Nicely connects phone with a computer. Data transfers, remote control, finding your phone, synchronizing notifications.
LibreTorrent
Great client for Android.
There's more, but those I don't use daily, or have already been mentioned.
DecSync CC – for synchronising contacts with multiple devices through Syncthing
ActivityWatch – to track everything I do in case I forget to book time in my corporate time sheet, or if I want to know how long I played games in contrast to programming
KDE Plasma – best desktop environment boosting my productivity to about 140% of what I could do with Windows 10
Qalculate! – very fast and easy to use scientific calculator, can also do conversions like "1h50min → min" or "15€ → $"
Aegis – TOTP generator for mobile
VLC – plays everything you throw at it
mpv – plays everything you throw at it, if you installed the right codecs, and also does fancy ML-based GPU upscaling in my case
KeePassXC, KeePassDX – password managers integrated on Desktop, Laptop, Tablet and Phone
Syncthing – to automatically and seamlessly sync all my devices (Laptop, Desktop, Tablet, Phone, second Laptop, Servers, …)
Firefox Developer Edition, Librewolf – browsing the web without Chromium
Hey I use my own app every day. Let me tell you about it. :)
nephele-serve is the dedicated server version that I use to manage all my Jellyfin movies and TV shows. I also back up all my systems to it with DejaDup.
QuickDAV is the desktop app version that I use to transfer files around all of my way too many PCs, tablets, and phones (I develop mobile apps too, so I have a lot of devices). It’s easier (and usually faster) than using a USB stick, and it’s safer than leaving shares open all the time.
They’re both open source and use the same server software, Nephele, that I wrote for my email service, Port87.
Oh I’m also working on putting up a Docker image for nephele-serve and a Flatpak of QuickDAV.
Does anyone know of a FOSS file explorer for Android that supports network locations? Fossify file manager would be perfect but doesn't have support for network locations.
webservers / the internet (nginx, databases, storage, networking, ...)
Mull / Librewolf
Nextcloud (contacts / calendar sync ...)
an email server and client
Matrix chat
LG WebOS on my TV
Home Assistant
lots of user applications
There isn't much important proprietary software in this apartment except maybe for the firmware of the dishwasher / microwave, washing machine and additionally whatever software runs in an old car.
I want to highlight a practical usecase for password management with open source tools. Keepass (gnome secrets on computers, and keepassdx on mobile) with syncthing syncing encrypted password files between the devices. Very effective so far. Passwords are synced seamlessly.
I'm having a harder time thinking of proprietary programs I use. I guess the biggest offender is mobile apps. As far my computer goes, discords flatpak is the only one coming to mind.
VPN client in a thin Docker container for multiple VPN providers, written in Go, and using OpenVPN or Wireguard, DNS over TLS, with a few proxy servers built-in.
Various flavors of Linux and the many, many applications supporting that. Also OpenWRT. OpenOffice > Google Sheets.
I also grabbed an open-source script that would turn on a fan every time the humidity level rose high enough for a specific type of mold to grow, and move air until it dropped. That ran all day for a few years until the fan broke and I repurposed the other hardware.
Standard stuff, though very few from my phone so I will focus there. On it, atm just things like RetroArch, Firefox, Geometric Weather, Blokada, and Amaze File Manager.
I haven't done any research at all, but if anyone wants to share: does anyone know of a good FOSS grocery store list kind of app for Android? Something that might still work without internet, I don't care about synching anywhere else. Currently I use Listonic, mainly b/c I do not want to use Google Keep. There are some on F-droid so when I get time I'll look into those.
For android :
Basically almost all app from SimpleMobileTools, a few version right before it was sold (to a company in a controversial city)
For desktop :
some kde app that works both for windows and linux (I used windows for now) like Okular and FileLight (though this one isn't so much daily basis)
Librera (pdf reader and other formats), tuta mail (private mail), feeder (RSS reader), iceraven (Firefox fork), saver tuner (battery management), aurora store (replacement of play store), breezy-weather (for checking the weather), openBoard (Foss keyboard with spell correction)
I don't have a clue if anyone has mentioned it, but I use the non-root version of NetGuard to make sure some apps on my phone don't have wifi or mobile data access.
I also don't know if this was mentioned by someone else, but for one of my college courses, we are using thonny for python programming.