A proposal for java's "throws" in python: Extend type hints to cover exceptions
A proposal for java's "throws" in python: Extend type hints to cover exceptions
PEP 484 introduced type hints, at this time documenting exceptions was left to docstrings. I seek to suggest a reason this feature might be desirable along with how it might be used. Error handling in python does an excellent job of keeping the error-path out of the way when writing the normal flow...
This is a discussion on Python's forums about adding something akin to a throws keyword in python.
Aren't checked exceptions in Java generally regarded as a bad mistake?
11Yes, but not because the goal of having exceptions in types is bad, rather Java's type system isn't advanced enough to support the ideal solution here.
Scala 3 is working on experimental capture checking capabilities, which allows functions to express certain capabilities (file access, networking, db, etc.), and CanThrow capabilities (e.g exceptions at the type level) are one reification of this.
The CanThrow docs I linked have a good introduction into why Java checked exceptions are bad, and how Scala's alternative is far better. Essentially it comes down to a lack of polymorphism in checked exceptions. In practice this means they're incredibly verbose outside of simple usecases, and with a very easy escape hatch (RuntimeException), you don't even get the guarantee of knowing a function without checked exceptions doesn't throw.
Python will also have this latter issue. Python's "typing" in general has this issue actually. Types aren't validated unless you use an external tool, and even then
Anyis a leaky abstraction that can hide any level of typing errors, unlike in properly typed languages where it's not leaky. You need it to be leaky in gradually typed environments, or you wouldn't be able to use a ton of the Python ecosystem, but this vastly reduces the effectiveness of the typing solution.I don't know if Python's solution here will address the lack of polymorphism that Java's solution has, I'll have to look into it more.
9I heard the same, but not sure why. Do you have a link?
3This post covers it pretty well https://phauer.com/2015/checked-exceptions-are-evil/
1
When I used to write Java and switched to Python, this was one of the things I missed. It was always quite clear which exceptions I had to catch (or not). Just today, I ran into the issue of trying to cover the exceptions a library could throw without using
except:orexcept Exception as e, but finally gave up and gave in to it. The linter wasn't happy, but fuck it.6@onlinepersona You just need pip install fuckit
10It was always quite clear which exceptions I had to catch (or not)
Lol. You're literally the only one that likes checked exceptions. And, it seems you think that it actually gives you information about what exceptions to catch. It does not. Most things just catch and rethrow as a RuntimException
-8Hey, I like checked exceptions too! I honestly think it's one of Javas's best features but it's hindered by the fact that try-catch is so verbose, libraries aren't always sensible about what exceptions they throw, and methods aren't exception-polymorphic for stuff like the Stream API. Which is to say, checked exceptions are a pain but that's the fault of the rest of the language around them and not the checked exceptions per se.
8I also like checked exceptions. I like having a compile time check that I thought through error scenarios.
Is it perfect? No, but it should be iterated upon, not discarded.
FYI, catching and rethrowing as an unchecked exception is a pretty bad anti-patern (and a foul code smell).
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I disagree, I'd instead like to move toward handling errors as logic, and keeping exceptions for actually exceptional cases. If you're expecting an exception, that's data.
So here's my proposal:
- introduce monads like Maybe/Result that forces the dev to handle expected errors in logic
- make an easy way to return errors early without interrupting logic flow
- simplify checking for None values in chaining
For the first (not exactly a monad, may need a new type to wrap things):
def maybe_err(val: int) -> Result[int, ValueError]: if val < 0: return ValueError("cannot be negative") return val match (val := maybe_err(-1)): case int(): case ValueError():For the second:
val = maybe_error(-1)? # special handling to return instances of Error earlyAnd the third:
val = x?.y?.z ?? DEFAULTI like this much better than having try/except blocks throughout the code, and reserve those only for logging and whatnot at the top level. If you document exceptions, people will use them even more as data instead of exceptions.
So only raise if you want it to bubble all the way up, return errors if it's just data for the caller. Libraries should almost never raise.
3Anything but over9000 variations of nullables like in C#
1I'm not too familiar with C# (last used it like a decade ago), but I think the rules here would be pretty simple:
- x? - if x is None or an Error, return from the function early, otherwise use the value and continue
- x?.y - same as above, but with an attribute of x
- x ?? y - instead of returning as in the first, use y as the default value
And maybe add an option to convert exceptions from a function to an Error value (maybe
some_func?()to convert to error values? IDK, I haven't thought through that part as much).Hopefully that's simple enough to be useful.
If I were proposing this, I'd limit it to optional chaining since that's far more annoying to me currently.
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@sugar_in_your_tea If you're expecting exceptions, make custom ones. That's the best way to distinguish between those you expect and those you don't. Using custom exceptions improves readability too.
1My point is that I don't like using exceptions for communicating regular errors, only unrecoverable faults. So adding features to document exceptions better just doesn't feel like the right direction.
Maybe that's un-Pythonic of me, idk. From the zen of Python:
Errors should never pass silently.
Unless explicitly silenced.Using monads could let programmers silently pass errors.
I just really don't like the exception model after years of using other languages (mostly Rust and Go), I much prefer to be forced to contend with errors as they happen instead of just bubbling them up by default.
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My counter: let's throw Java into a pit
0@Maoo @onlinepersona
That's unfair. Java did everyone a huge favour by giving a practical demonstration of why (mandatory) checked exceptions are awful.1
Here are some possibly related communities in the instance:
Feel free to crosspost into them or post future content on this topic there if they are relevant.
I am a bot and this was performed automatically 🤖 For any issues contact Ategon.-1Yeah, let's not. This is not a good idea
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