Awwnverts
This is one of the bigger/meatier spiders we've come across so far in Michigan
cross-posted from: https://discuss.tchncs.de/post/21145684
I'm not entirely sure of the subspecies. They are tiny, adorable, and really favor tansy.
Yellow-legged Mining Bee (Andrena flavipes). They're cute as heck so I'm gonna be stalking their foraging area.
Main photo 'Camponotus atriceps infected by Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis, biting onto a leaf edge' by João P. M. Araújo
You've probably played and/or seen 'The Last of Us' and the cordyceps infected humans....which is completely fictional. However, for insects becoming infected by a zombie fungus is a rather horrifying realty, and also incredibly fascinating for us to observe
Ants are targeted by Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sl, aka the zombie ant fungus, which is found mostly in the tropics, and was first discovered by Alfred Russell Wallace in 1859
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sl, represents a whole complex of many species within O. unilateralis, all of which are host specific, infecting and manipulating carpenter ants. Although researches have recently discovered additional O. unilateralis species that specialise in neotropical ants and have described them as O. kniphofioides subclade.
These are all the O. unilateralis described so far
O. albacongiuae O. blakebarnesii O. camponoti-atricipis O. camponoti-balzani O. camponoti-bispinosi O. camponoti-chartificis O. camponoti-femorati O. camponoti-floridani O. camponoti-hippocrepidis O. camponoti-indiani O. camponoti-leonardi O. camponoti- melanotic O. camponoti-nidulantis O. camponoti-novogranadensis O. camponoti-renggeri O. camponoti-saundersi O. halabalaensis O. kimflemingiae O. naomipierceae O. ootakii O. polyrhachis-furcata O. pulvinata O. rami O. satoi
And the following are from the O. kniphofioides subclade
O. daceti O. kniphofioides
That's a lot of different zombie ants!!
The O. unilateralis fungus has very distinctive characteristics >exhibits a single stroma with a Hirsutella asexual morph, which arises from the dorsal neck region of the dead ant and produces a dark brown perithecia attached to its stalk
As well as only infecting the Camponotini species (Carpenter Ant), the fungus also causes the ant to fix itself to vegetation by clamping down via it's mandibles aka 'the death grip'
O. kniphofioides on the other hand >produce a stroma that grows laterally from the host's thorax which itself generates an orange ascoma [fruiting body, usually bowl shaped]
With O. kniphofioides the infected ants do not show the 'death grip' and typically die at the base of large trees in the Amazon, amongst moss carpets
In the tropics the ant species Camponotus leonardi lives in the tree canopies and had aerial trails on the branches, they will travel down the tree trucks and cross the forest floor when the gaps in the canopy are too wide to navigate. It is here they are infected by the fungal spores
The spores attach to their exoskeletons and break through using both mechanical pressure and enzymes. Yeast stages of the fungal infection spread throughout the ants body causing it to have full body convulsions that make it fall from the canopy to the forest floor.
The ant then climbs up the stem of a plant , and clamps itself to a leaf it using it's mandibles (usually 26cm above the floor on the Northern side of the plant, in a location with 94–95% humidity and temperatures between 20 and 30 °C). This is the optimal location and environment to produce the maximum infections (up to 20 to 30 dead ants per square meter) If the dead ant is moved elsewhere the fungal growth and spores released either fail to occur or are undersized
The fungus then kills the ant, and continues to grow inside it's body, until mycelia sprout from the ant's exoskeleton anchoring the ant further to the plant leaf/stem and >secreting antimicrobials to ward off competition
When the fungus is ready to reproduce it's fruiting bodies grow and erupt from the ant's head....the whole process takes around 4-10 days
And now for some dead ants.....
Ophiocordyceps kimflemingiae by Danny Newman
Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae by Danny Newman
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-renggeri by João P. M. Araújo
O. camponoti-floridani by Roel Fleuren
Ophiocordyceps ootakii here
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-indiani by joaofungo
Ophiocordyceps pulvinata here
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis infecting Formicidae here
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis growing from a carpenter ant by David Hughes
Palthotyreus tarsatus biting onto a green stem. Once infected by an Ophiocordyceps species (still undescribed) by João P. M. Araújo
Apologies I can't remember where I found this one, but it's too good not to share....If anyone knows the photographer let me know in the comments and I'll edit. Cheers
All info and quotes via wikipedia
I'm not an expert, I just like sharing interesting things I find. Any errors please post a comment and I'll edit..... and as always please leave a comment as it gives me encouragement to do further posts 👍
Grey backed mining bee (Andrena vaga) waiting for me to get away from her nest.
Main Photo 'Scolopendra-hardwickei2' by Steven Lenaerts......a caring mother!
Part 1 here
Next up, size wise is Scolopendra cataracta...
>Scolopendra cataracta is a species of centipede in the family Scolopendridae. It is the first known amphibious centipede, growing to up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length
Photo by NELSON SANCHO
>When exposed, it escapes into water. It both runs along stream beds and swims with eel-like horizontal undulations of its body. Out of water, water rolls off the centipede's body leaving it dry as the surface is hydrophobic. The species was discovered, and the first specimen collected, in 2000 near Thailand's Khao Sok National Park. Two more specimens were collected near waterfalls in Laos
Next is Scolopendra heros
>...commonly known as the Arizona desert centipede, giant desert centipede, giant Sonoran centipede, Texas black-tailed centipede, Texas redheaded centipede, and giant redheaded centipede, is a species of North American centipede found in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico.
>[It] is the largest centipede in North America. It has an average length of 6.5 inches (170 mm), but can reach up to 8 in (200 mm) in the wild, and even longer in captivity....It is aposematically colored, to warn off potential predators
Photo by Lat3ralus
>For humans, a bite from S. heros usually causes sharp, searing, local pain and swelling, but has never caused any confirmed deaths
Scolopendra mutilans aka The Chinese red-headed centipede (and the Chinese red head averages around 20 cm
Photo by pompogna
>S. mutilans is known for harbouring little aggression to other centipedes, a trait very rare amongst giant centipedes, and allows it to be kept communally. Antimicrobial activities of the identified compounds were reported against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, that possibly explain centipede's survival in harsh and polluted environments.
>Females are incubator mothers, guarding the eggs by wrapping their bodies around their clutches until the eggs hatch.
Scolopendra subspinipes is an active, and aggressive predator, growing up to 20 cm and found throughout southeastern Asia.
>....in 2018 a far larger specimen was recovered in Hawaii by Clayton Cambra, who captured what appeared to be a Scolopendra subspinipes that measured an astonishing 36.6 cm in length
Photo by Chien Lee
>[It is] one of the most widespread and common species in the genus Scolopendra, it is also found on virtually all land areas around and within the Indian Ocean, all of tropical and subtropical Asia from Russia to the islands of Malaysia and Indonesia, Australia, South and Central America, the Caribbean islands, and possibly parts of the southern United States, but how much of this range is natural and how much due to human introduction is unclear. With a wide geographic range and numerous color variations, the species is known by many common names, including jungle centipede, orange-legged centipede, Hawaiian centipede, and Vietnamese centipede
>.....[an] aggressive and nervous arthropod, ready to strike if interfered with and sensitive to vibrations nearby. It preys primarily on arachnids, including spiders, scorpions, and vinegaroons. It is large enough to overpower small vertebrates, such as mice or small reptiles, and will readily attempt to consume them. It tends to try to eat almost every living animal it encounters that is not longer than itself. It seizes prey with its anterior legs and then uses its toxicognaths to inject venom. The prey is held by the centipede's other legs until it is subdued. When defending itself or attacking prey, the centipede uses its entire body, coiling around the animal and holding on with its legs, from which position it can use its toxicognaths to deliver venom
>The male produces capsules containing mature sperm cells, spermatophores, which are deposited in a reservoir called the spermatheca of the female during mating. The female then fertilizes her immature eggs...and deposits them in a dark, protected area. The female lays 50 to 80 eggs, which she vigilantly protects until they hatch and the baby centipedes molt once. If danger is detected, she wraps around her young to keep them safe
>S. subspinipes venom normally causes extreme pain, among other symptoms. A fatal case was reported in the Philippines in which the centipede bit a 7-year-old girl on her head. She died 29 hours later
Next is Scolopendra galapagoensis, aka the Galápagos centipede, and Darwin's goliath centipede which can grow up to 30 cm
Photo by Martin
> It is the only representative of the genus Scolopendra on the Galapagos Islands, among twelve other species of centipede present on the Islands. It is also found on mainland South America in Ecuador and Peru, and on Cocos Island in Costa Rica
It comes in 3 colour morphs Dark green to black and Orange-red (above and below)
Photo by Tom Schultz
>S. galapagoensis has been reported preying on crickets, newborn rodents, the Galapagos Rice Rat, and, in one paper, a Floreana Racer snake. It is hunted by a variety of birds of prey including the Galapagos hawk, two species of mockingbird, and the common Black Rat
And finally, the biggest of them all the Scolopendra gigantea!
Photo by Martin
>....also known as the Peruvian giant yellow-leg centipede or Amazonian giant centipede, is a centipede in the genus Scolopendra. It is the largest centipede species in the world, with a length exceeding 30 centimetres (12 in)
>It is a carnivore that feeds on any other animal it can overpower and kill. It is capable of overpowering not only other invertebrates such as large insects, worms, snails, spiders, millipedes, scorpions, and even tarantulas, but also small vertebrates including small lizards, frogs (up to 95 millimetres (3+3⁄4 in) long), snakes (up to 25 centimetres (10 in) long), sparrow-sized birds, mice, and bats
>Large individuals of S. gigantea have been known to employ unique strategies to catch bats with muscular strength. They climb cave ceilings and hold or manipulate their heavier prey with only a few legs attached to the ceiling.
Photo will be from BBC, but I haven't found a link, as yet
>Natural predators to the giant centipedes include large birds, spiders, and arthropod-hunting mammals, including coati, kinkajou, and opossum.
>At least one human death has been attributed to the venom of S. gigantea. In 2014, a four-year-old child in Venezuela died after being bitten by a giant centipede which was hidden inside an open soda can. Researchers at Universidad de Oriente later confirmed the specimen to be S. gigante
DON'T TOUCH IT!!!
Photo by Kurt (Orionmystery) G
Well, I hope you enjoyed the posts!
Here's a fun palette cleanser if you've scrolled this far....Scolopendra hardwickei as lego (or something like that)
Photo by Middle Brick
Sources here and wikipedia, here here here here here and here
Main photo by Nicky Bay
Scolopendra are a large species of centipede, both in number (around 100 different types), and often just large in body size
They are found in warm temperate regions, and in the tropics. The largest discovered (so far) can exceed 30 cm (12 in)
All Scolopendra are active preditors and are venemous, capable of delivering a painful (and in one reported case fatal) bite to humans via their forcipules (These are not fangs or other mouth parts, but modified legs on their first body segment)
'Scolopendra subspinipes' by Lilian Alizert
>The venom of certain Scolopendra species were found to contain compounds such as serotonin, haemolytic phospholipase, a cardiotoxic protein, and a cytolysin
They feed primarily on other insects and invertebrates, some of the larger varieties have been observed preying on frogs, tarantulas, lizards, birds, snakes, rodents, and even bats!
>Two southeast Asian species, S. cataracta and S. paradoxa, as well as S. alcyona from the Ryukyu Islands, are amphibious, as these species can travel underwater by swimming or walking
They have been discovered in the fossil records. Scolopendra proavita was found in Baltic amber from the Eocene of Poland. Other fossil species S. morsitans have been found Pliocene-aged rocks in South Africa
According to this article, these are the largest giant centipedes found (so far).....
Scolopendra alternans, commonly known as the Haitian giant centipede, Caribbean giant centipede, and Florida Keys centipede, and are around 17-19 cm on length
Photo by Sylvain Coulon
>Scolopendra alternans is found in Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Venezuela the Bahamas, Hispaniola, the Antilles, the British Virgin Islands, and Florida. They have also been reported as far north as Georgia
Next is.....
>Scolopendra viridicornis is a species of centipede in the family Scolopendridae which can be found within the Amazon rainforest, the type locality being in Brazil. Due to the geographic distribution of this species it is known as the Amazonian giant centipede
Photo by Scolomorph
>Scolopendra viridicornis is quite quick to flee when disturbed by a predator, running away with impressive speed. If pursued the centipede will raise its terminal legs in an attempt to draw any attack to its hind end. When a predator touches these raised limbs the centipede will use them to grip its aggressor and spin around to deliver a venomous bite. The centipede will then continue to flee until it finds safety.
>In northeast Brazil, S. viridicornis is used in regional folk medicine as an analgesic. The species possesses a peptide in its body known as lacrain which exhibits strong antimicrobial effects against Gram-negative bacteria
Next up is Scolopendra hardwickei, the Indian tiger centipede
>It is a pigmented species, with exceptionally bright and contrasting coloration, alternating dark orange and deep black segments, with dark orange legs
Photo by Martin
>This species is common in the south of the Indian peninsula and it is rarely found on the islands of Sumatra and Nicobar
>The bite of S. hardwickei can cause swelling and drowsiness
And finally, Scolopendra polymorpha which can grow up to 18 cm
>Scolopendra polymorpha, the common desert centipede, tiger centipede, banded desert centipede, or Sonoran Desert centipede, is a centipede species found in western North America and the Hawaiian Islands
Photo by Alice Abela
>S. polymorpha is indigenous to the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, north to the Pacific coast.[3][4] It inhabits dry grasslands, forest, and desert; in these habitats, the centipedes generally take up residence under rocks, though they have been observed creating burrows in suitable environments and inside rotting logs. Scolopendra polymorpha as found in the Tonto Forest near Payson, Arizona
>Scolopendra polymorpha is indigenous to the deserts of western North America; in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona in the United States, and in Sonora and Chihuahua in northern Mexico. They primarily seek shelter during the day in moist, cool areas such as under desert rocks
>The venom of Scolopendra polymorpha has been found to be medically relevant.....against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two bacteria that are the leading causes of nosocomial infections..... [And] activity against Escherichia coli, which can cause food poisoning, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections
Sources here and good old wikipedia, here, here, here, here, and here
Part 2 to follow!
edit Part 2 here
