Liberation fonts, Noto fonts, Deja Vu fonts and Nimbus fonts pretty much. Add in Cantarell too and you are set I would say.
Those are the ones you should install for compatibility.
I always install Inter for UI and JetBrains Mono for terminal usage. I find they render way better than pretty much anything else.
Update: Discovered Geist and Geist Mono and they are amazing, I am going to replace Inter and JetBrains Mono from now on: github.com/vercel/geist-font
Iosevka is so great. Not everyone likes the narrow look. I've tried other fonts a couple of times since I stumbled on it a good handfuls of years ago, but I always come back.
Yeah I fucking love that font. Better than Noto Mono because in Inconsolata the zeros have a cross through them and therefore it's easier to distinguish them from the letter O.
The only downside is that it hasn't been updated since 2015-12-04 and thus only has "the base ASCII set and ... the Latin 1, 2, and 9 complements". So it works for most English-speaking purposes, but runs into problems if you try to use certain symbols used outside of that context, like other languages or some special characters. I don't run into it often enough to be too much of a problem, but it is there.
I always install the Noto fonts for things like emojis and asian characters, extra fonts to cover the Cyrillic alphabet, and finally OnePlus's Slate font, which I fell in love with back in the days when I rocked a OnePlus 7 Pro.
Libertinus Serif (much nicer Times New Roman-ish serif text font. Huge amount of glyphs, open source font license, great to read on display and on print)
Lato (Sans font which imo compliments Libertinus Serif really good. More for short texts, headlines etc. I wouldn't recommend it as a UI font. Also permissive font license.)
If you don't want to get them from microsoft, you can purchase a license elsewhere. Microsoft allows them to be distributed freely as long as the files are not modified. That's why they are always packaged in an executable installer.
I don't do any graphic design or anything like that, so the fonts that come with any modern distro seem to do the trick - maybe I'd install ttf-ms-fonts for better compatibility when dealing with files across multiple operating systems.
I have Ubuntu, inter and IBM Plex installed on my kde plasma install, but somehow I keep forgetting to set any of them and just keep the noto sans that comes default with KDE. lol
lol after being exposed to it a bit because gitlab.com I've decided it's my best font forever <3 I've configured it everywhere a monospaced font is used including gitk and termux on my phone hahaha so cool
I always use https://luciole-vision.com/luciole-en.html to typeset documents like letters and such. I find it pleasant looking and it is supposedly easy to read for people with dyslexia.