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Friendly Carnivore @dubvee.org
jet @hackertalks.com

From fibre to the microbiome: low carb gut health - MD Mason

TLDW: Fiber is not essential for health.

:::spoiler summerizer

Summary

In this comprehensive discussion on gut health and low-carbohydrate diets, the speaker challenges common nutritional beliefs, emphasizing that dietary fiber is not essential for a healthy diet. The presentation highlights that certain low-carb foods rich in fiber and FODMAPs (fermentable carbohydrates) can cause bloating, constipation, and other gut symptoms. The speaker critically reviews scientific evidence around fiber’s role in constipation and finds that, contrary to popular belief, increasing fiber intake may worsen constipation and bloating. In contrast, low- or zero-fiber diets have shown significant improvements in bowel symptoms.

The talk explains the physiological basis of constipation and why fiber’s function of increasing stool bulk might not aid stool passage, as larger stools can be harder to expel. It also clarifies that fiber does not hydrate stools, debunking another common assumption. The

  • For some people it's religion - they don't want to see what the heathens are saying. Any non-compliance is dogmatically meet with negativity. I can see why they got into this position, they build their identity and their ethics around their food - the introspection required to have a conversation would also require the ability to cast doubt on their own identity. That is difficult for anyone to do!

  • Yeah... maybe explosive arrows to start with. But I think its credible they exported the war technology for their other conquests. The mongols are so fascinating. I love the Dan Carlin Hardcore History episodes on them.

  • The RDA is an estimate of the minimum amount of protein needed to meet the needs of 97% of healthy adults. The RDA is designed to prevent malnutrition, not necessarily to promote “optimal” health. Institute of Medicine 2005: Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids

    People who need to heal need more protein - such as burn victims, recovering from surgery, injuries, or even just body building (every day at the gym is a very minor injury the body repairs).

    The protein debate about adequate levels is ongoing

    I think its more sustainable for people to prioritize protein in their meals and eat until they are not longer hungry. Let the body's biofeedback mechanism be the guide.

    What Western diets desperately do need to focus on, however, is fiber

    Fibre is not a essential nutrient. Meaning it provides nothing the body can't produce on its own.

    dietary fiber is a carbohydrate that resists digestion and absorption and may or may not undergo microbial fermentation in the large intestine. This definition is essentially the basis to its correlation between consumption levels and possible health benefits. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2121266

    Most of the reported benefits of Fibre are from people eating a unhealthy (western) diet, and the fibre reducing the impact of the bad food. I would agree fiber is a necessary to ameliorate a bad diet (western), but not necessary with a good diet.

    There has been a associative link established between fibre consumption and gut biome diversity in the western diet, but we don't know what a good gut biome is yet. We have data that people eating zero fibre also have very diverse gut biomes.

  • push back against the progress vegans have made

    Two people reinforcing their assumptions about a group rather then talking to that group are not going to have a realistic view of the world.

    For myself, I'm very concerned with reducing human suffering:

    Carnivore is a tool, mostly used by people who have very specific problems. I tried to make that very clear in my decision tree post, which you downvoted - which means you read it, right?

  • I don't think a crash diet is warranted as a intervention. Regardless of when you burn it (now vs later) its going to cause inflammation and reduced ATP production. I think its better to let it happen very slowly, naturally, so that your bodies inflammation budget is high and it isn't a big deal. Forcing it all at once doesn't seem like a great idea. Just keep eating clean and healthy!

  • The Mongols were lucky that the people they were fighting didn't have guns yet, back when being stronger and taller mattered.

    It's possible the mongols had a key role in the history of gunpowder https://warhistory.org/@msw/article/the-mongol-wars-and-the-evolution-of-the-gun-1211-1279

    The theory that they spread the knowledge and concept across their empire is interesting

  • You are what you eat. It's insidious. It makes sense that fat is stored energy so if we build it with bad things when we unpack it will still be bad.

    Kinda like the LSD users who get random trips throughout their lives from stores LSD in their fat.

    I suppose you could speed up the LA usage by doing fasting and refeeding with clean food.

  • Industry funded research wouldn't be trusted, but it would kick off more interest and research to confirm or deny oxalate theories.

    I'm lucky that I was never a big fan of oxalate foods during my Omnivore days. I never went through any dumping symptoms

  • Media Reviews @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Needful Things - 1993

    A shop of curiosities and a curious shop keeper... a steven king movie.

    I really enjoyed it, the pacing, the tension was just right.

  • Health effects associated with consumption of processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages and trans fatty acids: a Burden of Proof study

    Study title... CNN title is only about meat.

    A meta-analysis of observational epidemiology

    All of the issues with epidemiology apply

    • association is not causation
    • hypothesis generating only
    • healthy user confounders
    • people eating meat are often eating high carbohydrate diets
    • metabolic context of the participants
    • food frequency questionnaires filled out yearly or every 4 years.

    I don't have access to the paper, it hasn't made it to the Free Academic circles yet, so I haven't been able to read it.

  • I don't think you should stop, the use case you described is you WANT to have a conversation about the cross-posts you are doing. Your not motivated by trying to starve out another community. You are personally choosing what to cross post and not reposting EVERYTHING from a different community.

  • I have a breath ketone meter that helps keep me on track; I’m not sure how accurate it is, but it’s very consistent. If you haven’t tried one maybe give it a go

    I haven't tried one yet. I have the finger stick ketone meter - ketomojo, and that works really well. The numbers help me stay on track once I'm clean, but getting clean is a mental and physical struggle regardless of the numbers. Thankfully I'm over the hump now, the food noise is gone and i don't have any cravings!

  • Friendly Carnivore @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Oxalate Dumping when starting Carnivore

    Why This Could Happen When You Start Carnivore Are you experiencing joint pain, rashes, fatigue, or strange symptoms after starting the carnivore diet? You might be dealing with oxalate dumping—a hidden detox process that most people have never heard of.

    In this video, Dr. Tony Hampton breaks down:

    • What oxalates are and how they build up in the body
    • What “dumping” really means and why it happens when you stop eating plants
    • The symptoms to watch for—and how to know it’s not just “the meat”
    • Step-by-step strategies to reduce oxalate dumping symptoms
    • What to eat and avoid during this detox phase

    Whether you're new to carnivore, coming from a plant-based diet, or just want to understand what’s happening inside your body, this video gives you the science, solutions, and encouragement to keep going.

    :::spoiler summerizer

    Summary

    The video, presented by Dr. Tony Hampton, addresses a common concern among people who have recently started the carnivore diet or other low-carb

  • and demonstrate clinically that a KD may permanently restore normal brain function

    Most studies report that the KD improves cognition (13–19), improves sociability and repetitive behaviors (20–23), and reduces nociception (24–26): all behavioral endpoints with relevance to dopamine-related behaviors (see below), including perseverative behaviors and potentially chronic pain – thought to share multiple mechanisms and comorbidities with addiction (27). Importantly, KD-related behavioral improvement in children with epilepsy is not solely due to seizure reduction (13, 28–32), thus indicating therapeutic benefits that are uncorrelated with the primary anticonvulsant/antiepileptogenic effects.

    Diverse lines of evidence point to the neuromodulator adenosine as a key mechanism underlying short and long-term therapeutic benefits of metabolic therapy with a KD....in vivo evidence that KD feeding elevates brain adenosine

    Manipulating the adenosine system is common – caffeine, a non-selective antagonist for adenosine A1 receptors (A1R) and adenosine A2 receptors (A2R), is the most widely used psychoactive drug worldwide

    Some evidence suggests the KD alters dopamine directly.

    Energy homeostasis – particularly changes in ATP and adenosine – is known to be relevant but poorly understood in neuroprotection, psychiatric disorders and addiction (81, 82). KDs supply a substrate (ketone bodies) for the citric acid cycle that elevates ATP and promotes mitochondrial function, including in impaired states

    Brain hypometabolism has been reported with alcohol and online gaming addiction (98), with stimulant abuse (99, 100), in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment (101, 102), and indeed even with normal aging (103). As a dynamic and energy-demanding organ, and as a survival mechanism, it makes sense that metabolism is reflected in neurological function and behavior and that mitigating metabolic dysfunction is a potent therapeutic strategy

    i.e. Keto improving metabolism improves brain metabolism, improves addictive behavior cycles.

    Hyperglycemia causes inflammation (111, 112) and is associated with psychiatric re-hospitalization. Inflammation is a biomarker for and perhaps a cause of depression (113), and much evidence shows that KDs reduce inflammation in patients (114–117) and in pre-clinical models

    Getting the blood glucose down helps with multiple psychiatric conditions.

    KD feeding reduces both the responses to acute cocaine (day one of the sensitizing regimen; challenge day for saline-treated animals) and repeated cocaine. Considered together, these data were the first to show that KD treatment can modify behavioral responses to a monoaminergic stimulant, and suggest that KDs are a potential novel therapy for the treatment of addiction to these drugs.

    KD feeding did not appear to modulate the acquisition of the cocaine-related place preference. However, when cocaine was withheld (i.e. extinction), mice on the KD more quickly lost the place preference. In addition, a cocaine priming injection after extinction reinstated the place preference only for the standard diet mice; mice that were on KD did not experience reinstatement.

    Better recovery.

    Regarding the commonly abused drug ethanol, in rat models of dependence KD-fed animals made fewer lever presses to receive alcohol during acute withdrawal (129) and had reduced withdrawal symptoms (130, 131). In mice, both KD and a ketone monoester (which is metabolized to ketone bodies) reduced withdrawal symptoms even when treatment was started during withdrawal

    Food cravings, binge eating being an extreme form, are often considered to be a naturalistic analog of drug abuse. Excessive glucose and insulin spikes are thought to modify the brain leading to addiction-like binge eating; KD feeding will temper such spikes

    I really feel this one.

    high dietary sugar intake is associated with depression and anxiety in non-diabetic individuals (179–181). These associations do not determine causation but, intriguingly, there are suggestions that depression in the elderly might predispose the development of type II diabetes (182, 183). KDs minimize dietary sugar intake, and provided a stable, mild hypoglycemia which should counteract these deleterious effects on mood.

    There is strong evidence of a metabolic underpinning of ASD, in addition to the genetic and environmental components. For example, this disorder has been found to involve hypoperfusion of specific brain regions (198–200) and to be associated with hyperglycemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and adenosine dysfunction (201–204).

    Taken together, the relationship between metabolic health and a broad range of neurological conditions is emerging, including mental health. The relationship among adenosine, dopamine, and ketogenic metabolic therapy is primary because of the ability to link cell energy, neuronal signaling, and gene expression for both short and long-term effects in key brain areas.

    It's free, so why not try it?

  • Low Carb High Fat - Ketogenic @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Ketogenic diet, adenosine, and dopamine in addiction and psychiatry - 2025

    Adhering to the ketogenic diet can reduce or stop seizures, even when other treatments fail, via mechanism(s) distinct from other available therapies. These results have led to interest in the diet for treating conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, depression and schizophrenia. Evidence points to the neuromodulator adenosine as a key mechanism underlying therapeutic benefits of a ketogenic diet. Adenosine represents a unique and direct link among cell energy, neuronal activity, and gene expression, and adenosine receptors form functional heteromers with dopamine receptors. The importance of the dopaminergic system is established in addiction, as are the challenges of modulating the dopamine system directly. A mediator that could antagonize dopamine’s effects would be useful, and adenosine is such a mediator due to its function and location. Studies report that the ketogenic diet improves cognition, sociability, and perseverative behaviors, and might improve depression. Many of the tr

    Low Carb High Fat - Ketogenic @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Adenosine and Ketogenic Metabolism Beating Addiction - Metabolic Mind

    Can adenosine and a ketogenic diet help treat addiction? New research explores the powerful role of adenosine, dopamine, and metabolic health in addiction, and how dietary strategies could support recovery.

    In this interview, Dr. Bret Scher speaks with Dr. Susan Masino, a neuroscience and psychology professor at Trinity College, about her groundbreaking work on adenosine and its potential to regulate addiction through metabolic pathways. They dive into:

    • The dopamine-addiction connection
    • The role of adenosine in addiction and how it balances dopamine activity
    • The role of ketogenic diets in boosting adenosine
    • Other mechanisms supporting keto for treating addiction
    • Why food, sugar, and even phone addiction may share common roots
    • How metabolic therapies could support recovery from addiction, depression, and more

    Dr. Masino also shares insights on how habits, stress, inflammation, and neuroplasticity all intersect with metabolic health—and what that means for mental health an

  • I don’t think we’ll agree here nor do I think it’s fruitful to argue it because in my environment I’ve heard that saturated fat is the devil and the main cause for heart decease which is the second most prominent cause of death only trumped by cancer, while you are stating it as a healthy thing. I don’t have the time to research this nor do I think health is a valid justification for harming animals.

    I don't trust things I hear either. Here is a excellent overview of the literature - https://www.dietdoctor.com/low-carb/saturated-fat#evidence-to-date I highly encourage you to read the actual journal articles, I'll do a journal club with you. But TLDR CVD is rooted in inflammation and persistently elevated insulin levels.

    Cancer is a interesting one too! While the mechanisms of cancer are still unclear, it is strongly rooted in a inflammatory injury causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Here is a post on cancer as a metabolic disease, I link the journals directly. https://hackertalks.com/post/8609461 TLDR - The metabolic theory of cancer is based on cancer cells being UNABLE to metabolize fat, and only able to consume glucose and glutamine.

    Now taking this together, would insulin sensitivity in a person make them less likely to get cancer, and if they do get cancer, better able to fight off the cancer? I think so, at least the balance of evidence points in that direction.

    From your expression of wanting a more humane way to slaughter, and desire to euthanize a suffering animal I am assuming we can find common grounds in that direction.

    Great, if you have recommendations on how I can source best practice, least harm, meat - please let me know.

    Would you agree that animals can suffer and are you against animal abuse?

    Yes, but my premise is that ABF is critical and necessary for my personal health journey and not optional. Given that I must consume ABF what is the best way to do that?

  • We disagree on the fundamental premise. If you see an animal on the side of the road in pain, do you leave it be? Or do you help it exit

    In the animal-based food community, we're following a program that is removing plant foods, because of the associated problems they have, specifically plant steriles, lectins, other inflammatory compounds.

    The ketogenic community also has significant problems with the dietetics philosophical approach. Basically it is a philosophy, it is not based in hard science, and that's the core problem. The ketogenic community is generating hard science showing that the previous dietetic beliefs do not lead to the outcomes people are looking for

    I'm happy to continue this discussion with you, but only in the context where we both work towards a more humane way to process meat.

    If your philosophy is that you don't eat meat, I respect that, you're making a major lifestyle choice based on a philosophy. That's commendable. However, for health reasons I've made a different choice. And I ask that you respect that and help me be the best version of myself I can be in that context.

    If you're trying to use the Socratic method to persuade me to your viewpoint, you have to start with a point of common agreement. And we haven't established that

  • Friendly Carnivore @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Hi. I'm jet. I'm an addict, it's been 4 days since my last carbohydrate.

    I was doing so good, 10 months of clean pure carnivore. I had amazing results (45kg lost). I didn't have any cravings.

    I feel off the wagon 2 weeks ago. It started innocently enough - A friend visiting from out of town wanted to go to a coffee shop and eat. They had pastrami bagels, I got one, scrapped off the meat - didn't eat the bagel. It was good. Really good. I found myself ordering this pastrami bagel to my house. Slowly enough that I didn't realize it, my old carvings came back. I found myself thinking of a deep dish pizza, over and over and over again.

    There must have been sugar in the pastrami, I think I got triggered. I got the pizza, rationalizing it - I've been so good, just one cheat will be fine, then back on track. I felt bloated, stuffed, sick even - for the rest of the day. But... the next day, now I REALLY wanted a pizza - Fuck it. Got the pizza, and coffee (oh, did I mention I quit coffee 5 months ago?), and rice krispie treats.

    Fast forward a few binge days...

    jet's interesting finds @hackertalks.com
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Costco "Extra Virgin Olive Oil" - Mass Spec Everything

    Friendly Carnivore @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Increase in Adipose Tissue Linoleic Acid of US Adults in the Last Half Century - 2015

    TLDR - Linoleic acid is bad, has gone up by 140%, has a half life of 600 days, and gets stored in fat tissue, Dietary sources of LA (industrial oils) have a direct influence on body composition.

    Linoleic acid (LA) is a bioactive fatty acid with diverse effects on human physiology and pathophysiology. LA is a major dietary fatty acid, and also one of the most abundant fatty acids in adipose tissue, where its concentration reflects dietary intake. Over the last half century in the United States, dietary LA intake has greatly increased as dietary fat sources have shifted toward polyunsaturated seed oils such as soybean oil. We have conducted a systematic literature review of studies reporting the concentration of LA in subcutaneous adipose tissue of US cohorts. Our results indicate that adipose tissue LA has increased by 136% over the last half century and that this increase is highly correlated with an increase in dietary LA intake over the same period of time.

    Full Paper https://doi

    Casual Conversation @piefed.social
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Coffee and Sauna... bad ideas - What was your bad idea this week?

    What was your latest bad idea?


    I drink a cold brew this morning, because it was sitting on my desk from yesterday... Cold brew concentrate. Then after finishing my drink I went to the sauna.... This was not a good decision.

    The sauna exercises the cardiovascular system

    Coffee stimulates the cardiovascular system (in a different way)

    I did not feel good! I only lasted half my normal time. I wont be mixing coffee and extreme heat again.

    Media Reviews @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    The Park is Mine - 1985

    Pretty good overall. Interesting to see Tommy Lee Jones do a rambo. The pacing of the older films is a little difficult to watch, so I watched it at 2x speed.

    The inclusion of the two over the hill pudgy mercenaries at the end was a curious touch.

    Tommy Lee as the everyman.

    Media Reviews @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    House of Cards - Series - 2013

    Seasons 1-3 are great, very compelling. The storytelling is nicely done, the scripts are tight the first few seasons.

    I'm now at season 4 and it kinda goes off it's rocker. I find myself playing season 4 at 2x speed

    I think they are trying to parallel some mix of the Clintons. It's a very cynical show.

    jet's interesting finds @hackertalks.com
    jet @hackertalks.com

    The Truth About Tapering Off Psychiatric Medications - Metabolic Mind

    The withdrawal from psychiatric medication tapering can be incredibly complex, and doing it safely requires both medical and psychological support.

    But, as Dr. Anders Sørensen highlights in this interview, the guidelines around medication tapering and withdrawal miss a lot of important nuances that can prevent people from being successful.

    In this interview, psychologist and PhD researcher Dr. Anders Sørensen shares his decade-long experience helping people taper off psychiatric medications. He covers the biological and emotional aspects of withdrawal, the science behind tapering strategies like hyperbolic tapering, and why psychotherapy plays a vital role during and after the process. You'll also learn how short-term clinical studies shaped medical guidelines and why those guidelines may not reflect the lived experience of long-term patients.

     undefined
        
    Timestamps:
    0:00 - Introduction to Dr. Anders Sørensen and deprescribing psychiatric medications.
    5:07 - The context around deprescri
      
    jet's interesting finds @hackertalks.com
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Perun - Iran & Israel at War - Israeli Operations, Iranian Missiles & The U.S. Strike

    Since 13 June, the long-running stand-off between Iran and Israel has escalated to sustained conventional conflict, with a sustained Israeli air campaign against targets within Iran itself, while Iran has retaliated with ballistic missile and drone attacks against Israel.

    It was a complicated military scenario even before the U.S. intervened directly against 3 Iranian nuclear facilities.

    Today, I try and parse some of what we've seen so far, and what military observations and lessons we might (cautiously) draw at this early stage.

    Low Carb High Fat - Ketogenic @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Beat Diabetes as a truck driver

    Stefahn Daniel Jasper—a 45-year-old African American truck driver and patient who has transformed his health by adopting a low-carb diet on the road.

    Despite long hauls, truck stop temptations, and limited access to healthy food, Stefahn successfully reduced his hemoglobin A1c, improved his liver function, and normalized his urine microalbumin—all while spending most of his life behind the wheel.

    Together, we discuss practical tips for low-carb eating on the go, the mindset shifts needed to overcome obstacles, and how drivers across the country can reclaim their health—one mile at a time. This episode is proof that even with a demanding lifestyle, you can take control of your health.

    :::spoiler summerizer

    Summary

    This podcast episode features an in-depth, candid conversation with Stefan Daniel Jasper, a 45-year-old truck driver who has successfully embraced a low-carb lifestyle to manage his type 2 diabetes while living life on the road. Despite the considerable challenges of

    Applied Paranoia @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Buried Safes - Storing Your Valuables... Underground? (Dirtyman Safe Review, part one)

    I always like to remind folk, this is a wholly un-sponsored channel. I will disclose to you all that I was sent this unit as an evaluation piece, but Dirtyman had no editorial control over my thoughts and feedback here (as will become apparent with the insertion of nonsense like a Doctor Horrible joke and so forth) and they aren't paying me anything at all to do this. I even plan to offer to send them back the review unit once I'm done with this test.

    With that out of the way, I think this item might potentially be useful for some folk. Yes, as I indicate toward the end of this video, you could make something similar yourself with enough time and effort. But if, like me, you are very busy and your time is valuable... having someone do the legwork of sourcing and fitting and sealing the parts and allowing you to purchase an all-in-one turnkey kit can be appealing.

    Their site is pretty easy to find by googling, but in case you don't know how search engines work... dirtymansafe.com

    Friendly Carnivore @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    7 Reasons Plant-Based Diets Can Harm You - MD Hampton

    7 Reasons Plant-Based Diets Can Harm You Are plant-based diets really the healthiest choice?

    In this video, Dr. Tony Hampton—board-certified obesity specialist and former vegetarian—dives into 7 hidden dangers of plant-based eating that can silently impact your brain, bones, metabolism, and more.

    While plant-based diets can work with extreme intention, most people don’t realize what they’re missing—literally. From vitamin B12 and omega-3s to retinol and zinc, Dr. Hampton explains why so many well-meaning vegans and vegetarians eventually experience issues like fatigue, premature aging, low muscle mass, and poor immunity.

    :::spoiler summerizer

    Summary

    This video presents a critical examination of plant-based diets, specifically highlighting seven key nutrient deficiencies common in such diets that can accelerate aging and impair overall health. The speaker, who spent eight years as a vegetarian and vegan, shares personal experience and clinical insights from his work as a health

    Casual Conversation @piefed.social
    jet @hackertalks.com

    What was the last nice thing you did for a stranger?

    Someone you don't have a relationship with, or even know their name... What was your most recent selfless thing you did for other people?

    jet's interesting finds @hackertalks.com
    jet @hackertalks.com

    How Iran Can Close The Straits Of Hormuz

    Iran's Trump card - quick overview of How Iran could close the Straits of Hormuz. Reports indicate that the Iranian Parliament has agreed to do it. Unscripted and unedited.

    :::spoiler summerizer

    Summary

    In this video, independent defense analyst Hi Sutton provides an informed discussion on Iran’s potential capabilities to block the Strait of Hormuz, a strategically important waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the Indian Ocean and a critical chokepoint for roughly 20% of the world's traded goods, especially crude oil exports. Although it remains unclear whether Iran has fully ratified any decision to close the Strait, the topic has become a significant point of concern in international security discussions. The analyst emphasizes that any move to block the Strait would be a drastic, last-resort action by Iran, and cautions against underestimating Iran's capabilities to disrupt maritime traffic seriously.

    Sutton explains why Iran’s conventional navy is relatively weak and un

    Ask Lemmy @lemmy.world
    jet @hackertalks.com

    What is the most self sufficient island on the planet?

    Scenario: this island is cut off from the rest of humanity (magic, war, space alien zoo, etc)

    Which island is in the best position to maintain its civilization? Industry? Technology?

    Media Reviews @dubvee.org
    jet @hackertalks.com

    Reacher - Season 3

    Pretty good overall.

    Power fantasy, a plot that evolves as the season goes on.

    Some weaknesses this season, more and more hoops on why the entire weight of the us government couldn't be used on a ongoing investigation.

    Tons of extra-judicial executions, it's almost like Reacher is a bad guy (if he ever makes a mistake).