This might be obvious but when you connect your phone to your PC have you enabled file transfers? Usually it defaults to charging only. It should show up in your notification bar.
Plug in cable to PC, go into android USB setting and switch it to file transfer instead of charging mode, it should show in your file manager as a connected USB drive.
( you can tell everyone is a linux or phone techy, everone gave the complicated merhods that didn't address the question asked, but @OP all the other methods work also )
Of course, it's awesome; so is GSConnect on Gnome, and syncthing is awesome, and fx on android with samba shares is great. Croc on mobile to PC, etc. just the dude asks how to use USB cable and gets recompile your kernel suggestion ( I'm being hyberbolic)
I have a Pixel 4a with GrapheneOS and I can never get it to find any other devices in KDE connect for some reason. Syncthing works fine though so I just use that instead.
Actually, I always end up using ADB tools to get files or photos, you can get recursive files to get them all. I do it even with people that tries to get photos from their Windows machines, so I don't think it's a problem with Linux neither. This is the best way to get safely and correctly all your files.
search usb in settings, set it to file transfer while its plugged into your pc. Alternatively you can install kde connect on both of the devices and transfer files wirelessly
fun tip, if you have a samba share and your devices are in the same network, use a file manager that can connect to local network (like explorer by speed software), and transfer your files wirelessly. it seems to be equally fast too, i haven't used a cable for ages except for killing updaters and bloatware with adb.
There is a package called android-transfer-file or something like that in the void repos but I'm not sure if its also in the mint repos, might be worth checking, its a gui app that makes it very straightforward to transfer files. Or in last resort you can always git clone the project and use 'make' to build manually the app