Are all programming languages based on English?

Not sure about today but VBA (in the MS Office products) actually had translated keywords because Microsoft is batshit insane.

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I hate using Excel for this reason. ALMOST all functions are translated, so you're never sure what to look for. If you find a solution for a problem online? Doesn't work, you'd have to rewrite it in your language. And you can't even switch the language in settings, because it's tied to the OS language (maybe you can in recent versions, haven't bothered to check for a while).

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- This is why I never touch language setting in any OS. It's guaranteed I'll have some problem down the line because I can't search the problem or understand the solution if error crops up someday, because the menus are different.
  
  14
- Not sure about VBA, but Excel formulas are actually saved in English and translated on file load. It doesn't translate strings though, so EVALUATE only works for users with the same language as the author.
  
  9
Real world scenario happening to me:

Reinstall my win os to use French because a) back in the day you couldn't just change language, b) scrips were VB written french (so si instead of if etc).

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- Hehe French programming. It's probably like
  
  essaye: faire_qqch() sauf OhMonDieuQuEstCeQuiSePasse: imprime("putain")
  
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Cucumber/Gherkin also has translated keywords (even Emoji.. smh) but there it actually makes sense because you actually write it in natural language.

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- I am sceptical of natural language programming in general but I am also fairly certain that you would have to do a lot more than just translate the keywords to get something that looks natural in another language. Word order is different in many languages for one.
  
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Even if pretty much all popular languages are based on English, you do not have to learn English first. There aren't that many keywords to begin with and your variables, functions and comments can be any language you want to. The hard parts of learning a language, like grammar, conjugation, pronunciation etc. all aren't needed.

That being said, English still is the agreed upon language and people probably won't contribute much to projects in other languages and you can't read most documentations.

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Realistically you will always need to be able to read documentation for:

Your language

Your compiler

Your platform

The APIs you're calling

All of this will be in English even if your project is in another human language. Yes there will be translation for some of it available but it will be partial, incomplete, dated, etc. you'll be using English so much anyway and have people from other countries working on the code regardless that you're adding a needless barrier using a different national language.

Look at the French government open source codee for instance. The overall website is in French but the actual repos are covered and mostly seem to be in English
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I would say the largest loss for a non English speaker is not having the full context of the method and variable names, as well as the comments or API descriptions within the source code. My friends from Mexico all mention English is a requirement on basically any university offering computer science/engineering.

Edit: you can always use google translate, but that will inflate the time required.

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- Thanks to more and more languages supporting full unicode for symbols this will eventually be a thing of the past, fortunately: we can just switch to functions and variables being named only with one or more descriptive emojis.
  
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Not programming but the question reminded me of Aviation English. All pilots and air traffic controllers must learn how to speak "aviation english" in order to communicate. It's essentially a few hundred English words and basic syntax all related to aviation. I'd say learning a programming language is kind of like learning Aviation English.

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages

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Setanta looks neat.

5
- It does https://try-setanta.ie/
  
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Ideally, you need at least some basic understanding to use the vast majority of languages. The problem isn't even writing the code itself, you can definitely just memorize the keywords and some basic concepts and have at it. If you ask me, the real issue is the availability, amount and overall quality of documentation and learning material if you go about it that way.

I have a few coworkers who skipped the learning English part and learned most everything from other non native speakers and they tend to be crippled by often not really being able to make use of official documentation or keep up with new things, since the vast majority of content out there is in English. It also has the unfortunate side effect of pushing them to stick with whatever it is they learned way back when and not really looking for better ways of getting things done.

So basically, you can pull it off without knowing English but it's going to be suboptimal and/or painful IMO.

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Bash commands feel like fake English to me. I know they're abbreviations, but that's the closest I felt to simulating that feeling of a non-english speaker memorizing commands to do something.

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- I love that, great analogy! I don't think I'd ever make that connection since I'm pretty sure they both sounded about equally alien back when I was introduced to them 😅
  
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This needs to be higher up, it's the most correct and complete answer.

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No, they exist but they are rather rare.

Here is an example of a programming language that is completely in Russian: https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Встроенный_язык_программирования_1С:Предприятие#Пример_программы

That said, English is the lingua franca of the field of computing. You aren't forced to learn it, but without it, you'll deny yourself access to the vast majority of material out there, be it books, articles, papers, documentation, specification, and so on.

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I would say that while language constructs are typically English words, they don't really require English comprehension to learn. That said, the vast majority of programming support, documentation and community are in English, and are not accessible without English comprehension.

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- Well said!
  
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There's also kumir. It was(is?) used to teach kids how to program. I first learned programming using it many years ago. I still think that it made me a better programmer than people who were using Pascal instead. They were both popular in schools at the time.

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There's always machine code, just writing numbers for the functions of the CPU. Or you have Esoteric programming languages like Brainfuck that doesn't use any words at all, it's just very simple instructions. There's Piet, which is a pixel colour based programming language.

To be frank; no programming languages are based on English, they are all based on logic. They are most often expressed in English, but there's really no reason one couldn't have a translation layer for every programming language. But that would make it a lot harder to find the solution if you have some fairly niche problem. Having everything in one language is simply more efficient since it doesn't fragment the questions and answers.

But a quick search gave me https://analyticsindiamag.com/6-popular-non-english-programming-languages/. The simple answer to your question thus is; No

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All instruction sets are documented in English and it's more esoteric so the tutorial scene in any non-English language is less developed, so that requires even more English skill than memorizing a couple of keywords in a mainstream language.

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No. The Soviets had one that was basically C but a decade early called Адрес (address). The higher-ups were skeptical of the concept of computers, though, so computing in the USSR languished anyway.

I think the Chinese have something going too. Mostly educated global people know some English anyway, though.

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there's some really great mini documentaries on YouTube above the Soviet internet of the 1960s, which would have taken over as the central planning committee and managed the supply and demand automatically. When you look at what it was supposed to be, and why it failed (a lot of people worked very hard to make sure it wouldn't succeed) it's really interesting stuff.

here's one I watched recently enough about it; [https://youtu.be/cLOD5f-q0as?si=D8mVJiK603HPdgKY](Asianometry - Why the Soviet Internet Failed)

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- Here is an alternative Piped link(s):
  
  [https://piped.video/cLOD5f-q0as?si=D8mVJiK603HPdgKY]](https://piped.video/cLOD5f-q0as?si=D8mVJiK603HPdgKY])
  
  Piped is a privacy-respecting open-source alternative frontend to YouTube.
  
  I'm open-source; check me out at GitHub.
  
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The higher-ups were skeptical of the concept of computers

It's arguably dumber than that. The higher-ups treated R&D like any other centrally-planned ordeal, which meant a bunch of incredibly smart people in different countries were at each others' throats for the privilege of trying to build a thing... rather than just building multiple things and picking the ones that worked.

When it was a 5-ton, room-filling affair - called the Small Electronic Calculating Machine, because all programmers are the exact same kind of dork - building exactly one kinda made sense. When the west had three competing 6502 minicomputers for like a hundred bucks each, it was just tight-fisted control for the sake of political grandstanding. The fuckin' BBC rolled out a better centralized computing standard.

The root problem is having "a bicycle for the mind" in a country that restricts travel.

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- Mostly true, but Stalin also came right out with an essay that called it a fake capitalist concept, so that was part of it. I imagine Truman wouldn't have gotten it either, but as you say in the US you don't need everyone to agree something is a good idea to try it out.
  
  The root problem is having “a bicycle for the mind” in a country that restricts travel.
  
  This is the one I'm less sure about. They had censors but reading and learning approved content was also very encouraged, and in the early days it was a machine mostly just for number crunching. AFAIK computing languished roughly the same way as most basic research did, and Kateryna Yushchenko managed to invent something early anyway.
  
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Honestly, no. I do know English, however the syntax is always very far removed from actual sentences and learning how to use the syntax is way different from how languages work.

That said, you're kinda porked when it comes to reading through documentations, APIs, and watching tutorials, as most of them are in English.

I do have about 2 friends though who can code and are not particularly versed in English.

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I worked in a company that outsourced code.

The only English speaker, English was his fifth language and he would still struggle. We had to write followup emails after every meeting so he can take time to decipher my exact request.

All the deliverables were in broken English. If catch things like "reqiured" that were easy fixes. Code logic was readable, but not great. I mean it worked though.

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My first contact with computers in school was with a dialect (?) of LOGO that used commands based on Spanish. GD (giraderecha) instead of RT (right) or AV (avanza) instead of FD (forward).

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Not that you mention it, it's kind of strange that Java isn't based on Javanese

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Or Brazilian Portuguese since they are the largest exporter of coffee beans :)

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There are Arabic based programming languages, which is pretty interesting because right to left.

Generally though you need to know some English to learn the more widely used ones.

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Neat. That's something I never even thought of. When typing in Arabic, does the cursor proceed from right to left, then?

Is this somehow handled with locales, are custom operating systems required, or is it really only handled by specific editors like word processors?

I'm trying to imagine how this would work at, say, a console bash prompt.

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- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-left_mark
  
  It's just a Unicode character; Copy-Paste and experiment!
  
  (If you'd like more direction on how to play with this in a *NIX terminal let me know.)
  
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- Try using a website in an RTL language some time. Facebook and Google both support Arabic and Hebrew for example. The entire site is flipped - a left sidebar would instead appear on the right, a logo might be at the top right instead of top left, etc. Getting it right is hard, especially with mixed RTL/LTR content (like if you have a Hebrew page with some English words on it).
  
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You kind of learn some English along the way while programming. At the beginning, you just memorize the commands and most of them use rather basic words anyway. Everything you name (functions/variables) you could write in your native language. Also, autocompletion helps...

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Brainfuck certainly isn't. Most assembly languages use opcodes that are sorta English abbreviations, like STA for Store value in the A register. I haven't done much work in assembly but I think there are several standards which don't strictly speaking use English keywords.

I do recall hearing of a language described as "You can write in it in any language" I guess meaning the various bits of syntax are done with special characters? I forget which it is.

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Well, in ex-USSR there is 1C which in syntax is a bit like Pascal with Russian instead of English.

Also plenty of other languages using Russian keywords, but for the purpose of your question - I think it's safe to assume that anything relevant uses English.

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That's "One S", not "One C", for anyone reading this unfamiliar with Cyrillic. What looks like a Latin C is actually a Cyrillic S.

Also, while we're at it, leat's clear up one more misunderstanding: Many think СССР is Cee Cee Cee Pee, but it's not, it's really SSSR.

3

I'm from a non-english country and some of my coworkers don't speak English at all, so... no. That said, it's very inconvenient and they use the google translator all the time (which is shit, told them to use deepl at least).

Anyhow, there are programming languages that aren't English based: I don't remember the names but, for example, there is one that uses Latin

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Yes. Although it's possible to learn programming without knowing English, English is required for those who wants to be good programmers. All documentation is in English, naming and comments should be in English too, otherwise it would be hard to maintain code for developers from other countries.

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There's OSTRAJava, a parody esoteric language based on a very specific regional accent of the Czech language.

13

Always loved that one, especially because I'm originally from the Ostrava region.

1

It's more of a gag language, but there's ChavaScript in Hebrew which is basically just translated JavaScript

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The OG SAP application was originally written in German, I don't remember what language it was written in but I remember writing automation scripts back in the day and being like "how do I convert this perl/Python/bash script into German".

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If you’re from a non English speaking country, do you first have to learn English if you want to get into programming?

You don't necessarily have to learn English well, but yes, everyone programs in English. Some people put variable and function names to be another language, but generally English kind of "won" as the universal language and trying to deviate from it is almost impossible.

You may find Qalb interesting. It's an Arabic programming language made for research on the cultural biases of modern computer science.

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wenyan is quite an awesome joke language based on ancient Chinese

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The French were working on an all French version of Cobol at one point, back when Cobol was still used.

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back when Cobol was still used

try searching for COBOL on any big job site, it's still in use today :)

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- In banks? COBOL is less and less common but so as qualified developper to maintained the few (usually critical) programm remaining in this language.
  
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- Just maintenance work, for the most part.
  
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages

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Well, there are programming languages that are not based on English (like BQN) In reality though the vast majority of the documentation, books, online discussions etc. are in English so I'd say it is at least hugely beneficial to know English.

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This was a really interesting question with good answers! :)

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Windev and Wlanguage (French).

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There was a thing called Basicois at some point.

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The Windev advertising material is really something...

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/05/02/french_software_developers_are_all_beautiful_women/

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I think there was a language called like Mind Fuck or something, which looked like it only had special characters to do things. Check it out. Maybe not the best for learning though lol.

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I think you mean Brainfuck.

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- "False" is a slightly more accessible language, like Forth but using special characters instead of keywords.
  
  https://esolangs.org/wiki/FALSE
  
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I learned to program at the same time I learned English. I learned the words if, then, else and while in this context.

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There’s a few programming languages that aren’t based around English, but they’re pretty rare and I’m not sure many people use them. It’s kind of sad because it makes programming much less accessible if you’re not an English speaker… But it’s also sort of a blessing because it’s easier to understand code you might have to interact with because it’s probably written in an English-ish language with the Roman alphabet, and you’re not stuck trying to read Japanese or Arabic or something to understand a library. I have mixed feelings on it. It’s convenient for me as an English speaker, but it also seems kind of unfortunate. I’ve heard that computer science is a field which is having a pretty big impact on the spread of English in the world, but I haven’t found a citation for that and I’m not sure I believe it.

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English is the language of science and trade on the whole, which I think can be a good thing for the aforementioned reasons in your comment. Makes it much more universal.

I was on a trip in Spain, where students from all over the world came to learn Spanish. There were Americans, Japanese, Germans, etc (others I may have forgotten since this was during highschool!), but the gist of it is that everyone spoke their mother tongue, but the only unifying language there was Spanish. It was incredibly interesting speaking to someone who only knew Japanese and Spanish, where I only knew English and Spanish. People would talk to their friends in their native language, then relay what they said in Spanish for everyone else. It was mindblowingly cool to have a universal language to an otherwise insurmountable language barrier.

This also happened, somewhat annoyingly, in other parts of Spain. You'd be eagerly trying to practice Spanish, and spanish people would hear your accent, and would automatically switch to English for you. Same thing happened all across the world whenever we traveled. I always marveled at just how many people would switch to English whether we were in Germany or Zimbabwe.

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- Honestly, the world lucked out with a minimal Latin alphabet become the standard. English even lost its weird special symbols because all the good printing-press typefaces were made in Germany. It's only twenty-six discrete characters (admittedly in two cases) and they're the most common throughout all the European languages that, uh, spread their influence.
  
  Shame you all have to deal with our bullshit spelling.
  
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- I always marveled at just how many people would switch to English whether we were in Germany or Zimbabwe.
  
  English is an official language of Zimbabwe, and German is in the same language family as English. Try to speak English to commoners in Egypt, Eastern Europe, Vietnam or even France, and it wouldn't be that easy.
  
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I agree. I speak English very well now, but it is a weirdly hard requirement for a lot of jobs/hobbys in life.

You are interested in psychology? Awesome, go study psychology.
You are interested in physics? Here is a two year English course. You're bad at languages? Well, sucks for you.

I am wondering how much of an economic advantage it is for English speaking countries to have English as the base language of science. I bet at least 5% of students in other countries will not get as good as they could be because they are lacking the understanding of the language their study material is written in.

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I did. Not for programming itself because you only need to know basic keywords to write functional code, but because of all the documentation and guides surrounding it. There was information in my native language available but it simply wasn’t as good. And even if there was, most discussions about the related topics were in English.

6

You don't have to learn English to code but it's way easier.

6

APL was evidently written by an alien.

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Not an answer to OP's question, but I know in PHP there's at least one error message that's in Hebrew.

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APL exists. To me it's about as fun as it is painful.

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Might look into Hedy

3

https://github.com/elonlit/Genesis

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Do don't have to first learn english. You could learn the basic without it but don't except to be a good programmer if you are not confortable reading technical document in english.

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While many languages read left-to-right and have other artifacts of English words order, you do not need to learn English first. Knowing English makes it easier, but learning English first would make it harder.

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Am I confused? Doesn't English read left-to-right?

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- Blah. First comment after waking up, sorry.
  
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I know it's not exactly the question, but C/C++ allow you to override any keyword with #define, so if you wanted, you can turn it into another language. I don't suggest doing that, but hey, you can.

Also somewhat related, but some languages like C# allow you to use Unicode in variable names.

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For better or worse, if you want to do anything meaningful with programming you'll have to learn english. You need to be able to find and understand documentation and help from other people online to get work done.

2